What this song renders
The book survives. Written for Emma in 1041–42 by a monk of Saint-Bertin, the Encomium Emmae Reginae tells Swein’s conquest of England, Cnut’s reign and his marriage to her, and the struggle over the throne after 1035, all in her interest. It was aimed at a delicate moment, with Harthacnut king and Edward, her son by Æthelred, brought home as his likely heir. It says the letter that drew her son Alfred to his death in 1036 was forged in her name by Harold Harefoot. It never mentions Æthelred, and it presents her marriage to Cnut as though she had come to him unmarried.
Verse 2 is the frontispiece, which is real. Emma sits enthroned, receiving the book from the kneeling author, and two young men stand at the side behind a column. They are generally read as Harthacnut and Edward: two sons by two kings, with one family shown. A second medieval copy, rediscovered in 2008, has a revised ending that is kinder to Edward, which suggests the book was edited to fit the politics after Harthacnut’s death.
Verse 3 compresses the timeline. Harthacnut died in June 1042, and Edward did not ride to Winchester and strip his mother of her treasure until November 1043, so inside the year and the other came run the two events about a year closer than they were. The letter in the outro has never been found. The song never says whether she wrote it, and neither does the record.
Documented. The commission, the author’s house, the date, the silence on Æthelred, the forged-letter claim and the frontispiece all survive in the manuscript itself. Emma naming ten sixteen and paying in advance are the song’s. The book actually opens on Swein’s invasion a few years earlier, but it brings her on stage as Cnut’s bride with no first marriage behind her, which is what the song means. The compression in Verse 3 is the song’s own.